Tourniquet use in ankle arthroscopy: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Ankle arthroscopy is commonly performed using a thigh tourniquet and is thought to improve visibility and reduce operative time. However, the current evidence is unclear as to whether the use of a tourniquet provides these benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is any clinical benefit of using a tourniquet in ankle arthroscopy. METHODS: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was undertaken. All clinical studies published in Medline, Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane Library Database from inception until January 2023 reporting on the use of a tourniquet in ankle arthroscopy were included. RESULTS: 180 studies were identified of which 3 (164 patients) met the inclusion criteria. All studies showed no statistically significant difference in mean surgical time and complication rate between the tourniquet and non-tourniquet groups. Overall, the quality of the evidence was moderate to poor without data in favour or against the routine use of tourniquets in ankle arthroscopy. CONCLUSION: The current literature suggests that there are no significant differences in mean surgical time and complication rate between the tourniquet and non-tourniquet groups.

Alcohol and drug use severity are independently associated with antiretroviral adherence in the current treatment era.

Substance use in people with HIV (PWH) negatively impacts antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. However, less is known about this in the current treatment era and the impact of specific substances or severity of substance use. We examined the associations of alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use (methamphetamine/crystal, cocaine/crack, illicit opioids/heroin) and their severity of use with adherence using multivariable linear regression in adult PWH in care between 2016 and 2020 at 8 sites across the US. PWH completed assessments of alcohol use severity (AUDIT-C), drug use severity (modified ASSIST), and ART adherence (visual analogue scale). Among 9400 PWH, 16% reported current hazardous alcohol use, 31% current marijuana use, and 15% current use of ≥1 illicit drugs. In multivariable analysis, current methamphetamine/crystal use, particularly common among men who had sex with men, was associated with 10.1% lower mean ART adherence (p < 0.001) and 2.6% lower adherence per 5-point higher severity of use (ASSIST score) (p < 0.001). Current and more severe use of alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs were also associated with lower adherence in a dose-dependent manner. In the current HIV treatment era, individualized substance use treatment, especially for methamphetamine/crystal, and ART adherence should be prioritized.

Hypothalamic-pituitary fungal infection causing panhypopituitarism.

Madam LPS, a 69 years old lady complained of left eye blurring of vision since January 2017. It was associated with left orbital swelling with chemosis, eye redness, epiphora, several episodes of self-limiting epistaxis and bilateral ophthalmoplegia. Other neurological examinations and cerebellar systems were intact. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Brain and Orbit were performed, depicting a sellar mass with suprasellar extension with blood investigations results showed panhypopituitarism. She underwent bilateral orbital decompression. Trans-nasal endoscopic biopsy showed suppurative granulomatous lesion, which cultured Candida Albicans and Candida Galbrata. She was started on antifungal and hormonal replacement therapy for panhypopituitarism. Unfortunately, she did not respond well to treatment as repeated MRI Brain on December 2018 showed increase in size of sellar mass causing obstructive hydrocephalus and increasing size of left orbital lesion. She was counselled for another debulking surgery with a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. HPE taken were reported as chronic inflammatory process in favour to fungal infection. Pituitary infections may mimic pituitary mass. Some may exhibit symptoms of panhypopituitarism as well. Thus, physical examination, MRI brain imaging as well as HPE of biopsy are important aids to achieve diagnosis. Optimal treatment of fungal pituitary abscess includes transsphenoidal surgery combined with antifungal therapy.

Psychological symptoms among healthcare workers handling COVID-19 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers serve as the frontliners against the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) and this puts them most at risk of infection as they attend to numerous patients with unknown status. This study aimed to examine stress, anxiety, and depression among healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients in Sarawak General Hospital (SGH), Malaysia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study conducted in SGH during the pandemic with an online self-administered questionnaire composed of two parts, the socio-demographic characteristics, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). RESULTS: A total of 105 healthcare workers responded to this study. A questionnaire in both Bahasa Melayu and English was used. The findings showed that all healthcare workers had mild anxiety, with the majority experiencing mild stress (57.1%), and almost half of the respondents experiencing mild depression (41%). Female subjects had a significant higher mean score in anxiety level and stress level compared to male subjects (10.0±3.20 vs. 8.6±2.93, p<0.05; 14.1±4.76 vs. 10.7±3.70, p<0.05, respectively). Staff who were transferred from other units to handle COVID-19 cases experienced more psychological symptoms. There were significant correlations between the depression, anxiety and stress levels among the healthcare workers and the number of children they had (r=0.739, p=0.001; r=0.642, p=0.001; r=1, p =0.001 respectively). However, the stress level among the healthcare workers was reversely correlated with their years of working experience (r=-0.199, p=0.042). CONCLUSION: This study identified some socio-demographic factors associated with increased levels of stress, anxiety and depression among the healthcare workers during pandemic, which may lay ground for future interventions.

Operative costs associated with arthroscopic assisted open reduction and internal fixation of acute ankle fractures.

BACKGROUND: Ankle fractures are a common orthopedic injury that frequently involves associated cartilage lesions, soft tissue damage, and a significant inflammatory burden. Despite studies revealing intra-articular pathology in up to 79% of ankle fractures, only 1% of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) procedures undergo arthroscopic evaluation. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the cost effectiveness of ankle arthroscopy performed at time of ORIF for ankle fracture. METHODS: An IRB approved retrospective review of patients who sustained ankle fractures and underwent ORIF with and without concomitant arthroscopic surgery between 2015 and 2020 were investigated. Patient demographics, fracture characteristics, outcomes, and cost data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: There were 567 total ORIF and 28 ORIF and scope included for cost analysis purposes. Total surgical costs averaged $6,537.62 and $6,886.46 for the ORIF only and ORIF and scope procedures respectively. Total direct costs, including operating room time, for the same procedures were found to average $6,212.34 and $7,312.10 for the ORIF only and ORIF and scope procedures respectively. The cost difference between the ORIF only and with arthroscopy was not statistically significant (p = 0.1174). Twelve of the 28 arthroscopic patients (42.86%) had grade 3 or full thickness chondral lesions, and 11/28 (39.28%) arthroscopic patients were found to have grade 1-2 cartilage changes. CONCLUSION: In the acute treatment of ankle fractures, concurrent arthroscopic evaluation does not add a significant cost to the procedure and may result in improved short and long term benefits for the patient. With improved arthroscopic efficiency, the cost differential can be further reduced. LOE: IV.

Attitudes, acceptance, and registration in relation to organ donation in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to investigate the discrepancy between individuals with positive attitudes towards organ donation and the actual number of registered organ donors in Hong Kong, and to investigate the best modalities for promoting more organ donor registrations. METHODS: This cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted in Hong Kong. Telephone numbers were selected randomly. Upon successful contact with a household, the eligible household member who had the most recent birthday was selected to participate in the telephone interview. RESULTS: A total of 1000 Hong Kong Chinese residents were interviewed successfully. The response rate was 53.8%. The majority of the respondents were female (68.3%) and were aged 51 to 60 years (24%) or ≥61 years (43.6%). Among the respondents, 31.3% were willing to donate their organs after death; 43.3% were indecisive, and 25.4% refused. Among those who were willing to donate organs after death, only 34.2% had registered with the Centralised Organ Donation Register (CODR). Among those who were willing to donate organs after death but had not yet registered on CODR, 52.2% said they were not determined enough to take action, 47.8% said they were too busy, 37.8% said they were too lazy, and 20.4% said they were always forgetful about registering. In all, 32.8% of the interviewees were not aware of the ways to register as a prospective organ donor. Among non-messenger social media platforms, Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram were the most commonly used. Most participants believed that Facebook and YouTube were effective for engaging audiences. CONCLUSIONS: More effort should be made to facilitate organ donor registration in face-to-face settings via promotional booths and in online settings via appropriate social media platforms.

Bone health among older persons in medical clinic: A clinical audit.

Osteoporosis is commonly underdiagnosed and undertreated. We performed a clinical audit to assess the risk factors and clinical care for osteoporosis among older persons who attended medical clinic during a 4-week period in August 2013. There was a total of 128 patients with a mean age of 73.1±5.8 years, and 20.3%. had a history of fall. Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) scores assessment showed 14.2% and 68.8% had a 10-year risk of major osteoporotic and hip fractures respectively. Only 6.3% underwent Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 73.4% did not receive any preventive treatment for osteoporosis. Older persons attending medical clinic at high risk of osteoporosis fractures did not receive appropriate screening and treatment. There is a need to improve the suboptimal care for bone health among older persons.

Sexual function, self-esteem, and general well-being in Chinese adult survivors of childhood cancers: a cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to evaluate sexual function in adult survivors of childhood cancers and investigate possible relationships between sexual function and quality of life, as measured by general well-being, self-esteem, body image, and depressive symptoms. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was performed in our centre from 14 August 2015 to 8 September 2017. Adult patients who had a history of childhood cancers, and who were disease-free for >3 years, were approached for the study during clinical follow-up. Clinical information was collected from medical records. Self-administered questionnaires regarding quality of life and sexual functioning were given to the patients and resulting data were analysed. RESULTS: Two hundred patients agreed to participate in the study. The overall response rate was 64.8%. Ninety-one (45.5%) patients were women, and the mean age was 25.4 ± 5.57 years. The overall sexual functioning score was 28.3 ± 20.09. Forty-eight (24.0%) patients reported at least one sexual problem. Among patients who reported no sexual problems, more had haematological cancers (P=0.009), fewer underwent surgery (P=0.004), fewer underwent surgery with external effects (P=0.032), and fewer were regular social drinkers (P=0.013); additionally, they had a higher mean Rosenberg self-esteem scale score (P=0.010), lower mean body image scale score (P=0.008), and lower mean Patient Health Questionnaire score (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Aspects of life beyond disease condition and physical function should be considered in adult survivors of childhood cancers. Appropriate referral and intervention should be initiated for these patients when necessary.

Comparing the outcome of monitored anaesthesia care and local anaesthesia for carpal tunnel syndrome surgery by neurosurgeons.

INTRODUCTION: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the commonest median nerve entrapment neuropathy of the hand, up to 90% of all nerve compression syndromes. The disease is often treated with conservative measures or surgery. The senior author initially intended to treat his own neurosurgical patients concurrently diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome in 2014, subsequently, he began to pick up more referrals from the primary healthcare group over the years. This has led to the setup of a peripheral and spine clinic to act as a hub of referrals. OBJECTIVE: Department of Neurosurgery Sarawak aimed to evaluate the surgical outcome of carpal tunnel release done over five years. METHODS: The carpal tunnel surgeries were done under local anaesthesia (LA) given by neurosurgeons (Bupivacaine 0.5% or Lignocaine 2%). Monitored anaesthesia care (MAC) was later introduced by our hospital neuroanaesthetist in the beginning of 2018 (Target-controlled infusion propofol and boluses of fentanyl). We looked into our first 17 cases and compared these to the two anaesthesia techniques (LA versus MAC + LA) in terms of patient's pain score based on visual analogue scale (VAS). RESULTS: Result showed MAC provided excellent pain control during and immediately after the surgery. None experienced anaesthesia complications. There was no difference in pain control at post-operation one month. Both techniques had equal good clinical outcome during patients' clinic follow up. CONCLUSION: Neurosurgeons provide alternative route for CTS patients to receive surgical treatment. Being a designated pain free hospital, anaesthetist collaboration in carpal tunnel surgery is an added value and improves patients overall experience and satisfaction.

Characteristics and complexity of chronic pain patients referred to a community-based multidisciplinary chronic pain clinic.

BACKGROUND: Community-based care fills an important service gap for patients living with chronic pain. Better understanding of unmet patient needs in the community may inform improved policy and resource allocation. AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe patients presenting to a community-based, multidisciplinary chronic pain clinic in Vancouver, British Columbia. METHODS: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 935 unique consecutive patients who completed an intake questionnaire between January 2016 and March 2017. All data were patient reported. RESULTS: Nine hundred thirty-five patient records were analyzed for descriptive characteristics. The mean age of the population was 49.5 (SD = 14.9) years; 70% were female. Approximately 50% of patients lived below the poverty line in Vancouver; 30% were not working due to disability, 51% had pain for more than 5 years, and 63% reported severe functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial unmet need is demonstrated in this patient population accessing a community-based chronic pain clinic. The population described is mainly of working age with significant functional impairment, reflecting a high level of need due to severity and duration of symptoms, poverty, and other characteristics described.

Contexte: Les soins communautaires comblent une lacune importante pour les patients qui souffrent de douleur chronique. Une meilleure compréhension des besoins des patients qui ne sont pas comblés au sein de la communauté pourrait permettre d'améliorer les politiques et l'allocation des ressources.But: Décrire les patients qui se présentent dans une clinique communautaire multidisciplinaire de douleur chronique à Vancouver, Colombie-Britannique (C.-B.).Méthodes: Étude transversale rétrospective de 935 patients uniques consécutifs qui ont répondu à un questionnaire d'admission entre janvier 2016 et mars 2017. Toutes les données étaient déclarées par les patients.Résultats: Les dossiers de 935 patients ont été analysés afin d'en tirer les caractéristiques descriptives. L'âge moyen de la population était de 49,5 ans (É.-C. 14,9) et 70 % étaient des femmes. Approximativement 50 % des patients vivaient sous le seuil de pauvreté à Vancouver, C.­B.; 30 % ne travaillaient pas en raison d'une incapacité, 51 % avaient de la douleur depuis plus de cinq ans et 63 % ont fait état d'une déficience fonctionnelle grave.Conclusions: Des besoins considérables demeurent non comblés au sein de cette population de patients ayant recours à une Clinique communautaire de douleur chronique. La population décrite est principalement en âge de travailler, ce qui démontre un niveau élevé de besoins en raison de la gravité et de la durée des symptômes, de la pauvreté et d'autres caractéristiques décrites.

Targeting the latent cytomegalovirus reservoir with an antiviral fusion toxin protein.

Reactivation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in transplant recipients can cause life-threatening disease. Consequently, for transplant recipients, killing latently infected cells could have far-reaching clinical benefits. In vivo, myeloid cells and their progenitors are an important site of HCMV latency, and one viral gene expressed by latently infected myeloid cells is US28. This viral gene encodes a cell surface G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds chemokines, triggering its endocytosis. We show that the expression of US28 on the surface of latently infected cells allows monocytes and their progenitor CD34+ cells to be targeted and killed by F49A-FTP, a highly specific fusion toxin protein that binds this viral GPCR. As expected, this specific targeting of latently infected cells by F49A-FTP also robustly reduces virus reactivation in vitro. Consequently, such specific fusion toxin proteins could form the basis of a therapeutic strategy for eliminating latently infected cells before haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

An integrated analysis identifies STAT4 as a key regulator of ovarian cancer metastasis.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the most common gynecological cancers, with diagnosis often at a late stage. Metastasis is a major cause of death in patients with EOC, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we utilized an integrated approach to find potential key transcription factors involved in ovarian cancer metastasis and identified STAT4 as a critical player in ovarian cancer metastasis. We found that activated STAT4 was overexpressed in epithelial cells of ovarian cancer and STAT4 overexpression was associated with poor outcome of ovarian cancer patients, which promoted metastasis of ovarian cancer in both in vivo and in vitro. Although STAT4 mediated EOC metastasis via inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of ovarian cancer cells in vivo, STAT4 failed to induce EMT directly in vitro, suggesting that STAT4 might mediate EMT process via cancer-stroma interactions. Further functional analysis revealed that STAT4 overexpression induced normal omental fibroblasts and adipose- and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to obtain cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF)-like features via induction of tumor-derived Wnt7a. Reciprocally, increased production of CAF-induced CXCL12, IL6 and VEGFA within tumor microenvironment could enable peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer via induction of EMT program. In summary, our study established a model that STAT4 promotes ovarian cancer metastasis via tumor-derived Wnt7a-induced activation of CAFs.

Effect of alcohol consumption on all-cause and liver-related mortality among HIV-infected individuals.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine the association between levels of past and current alcohol consumption and all-cause and liver-related mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 1855 PLWH in Baltimore, MD was carried out from 2000 to 2013. We ascertained alcohol use by (1) self-report (SR) through a computer-assisted self interview, and (2) medical record abstraction of provider-documented (PD) alcohol use. SR alcohol consumption was categorized as heavy (men: > 4 drinks/day or > 14 drinks/week; women: > 3 drinks/day or > 7 drinks/week), moderate (any alcohol consumption less than heavy), and none. We calculated the cumulative incidence of liver-related mortality and fitted adjusted cause-specific regression models to account for competing risks. RESULTS: All-cause and liver-related mortality rates (MRs) were 43.0 and 7.2 per 1000 person-years (PY), respectively. All-cause mortality was highest among SR nondrinkers with PD recent (< 6 months) heavy drinking (MR = 85.4 deaths/1000 PY) and lowest among SR moderate drinkers with no PD history of heavy drinking (MR = 23.0 deaths/1000 PY). Compared with SR moderate drinkers with no PD history of heavy drinking, SR nondrinkers and moderate drinkers with PD recent heavy drinking had higher liver-related mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 7.28 and 3.52, respectively]. However, SR nondrinkers and moderate drinkers with a PD drinking history of > 6 months ago showed similar rates of liver-related mortality (HR = 1.06 and 2.00, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Any heavy alcohol consumption was associated with all-cause mortality among HIV-infected individuals, while only recent heavy consumption was associated with liver-related mortality. Because mortality risk among nondrinkers varies substantially by drinking history, current consumption alone is insufficient to assess risk.

Measurement Properties of the Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at Work: A Rasch Analysis.

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the measurement properties of the Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at Work (QPS Nordic) and the domains of demand, control and support. The Rasch analysis (RUMM 2030) was based on responses from 226 subjects with back pain who completed the QPS Nordic dimensions of demand, control, and social support (30 items) at one year follow up. The Rasch analysis revealed disordered thresholds in a total of 25 of the 30 items. The domains of demand, control and support fit the Rasch model when analyzed separately. The demand domain was well targeted, whereas patients with current neck and back pain had lower control and higher support than reflected by the questions. Two items revealed DIF by gender, otherwise invariance to age, gender, occupation and sick-leave was documented. The demand, control support domains of QPS Nordic comprised unidimensional constructs with adequate measurement properties.

The CanPain SCI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rehabilitation Management of Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord: introduction, methodology and recommendation overview

"STUDY DESIGN: Clinical practice guidelines. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to develop the first Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of neuropathic pain in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: The guidelines are relevant for inpatient and outpatient SCI rehabilitation settings in Canada. METHODS: The guidelines were developed in accordance with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool. A Steering Committee and Working Group reviewed the relevant evidence on neuropathic pain management (encompassing screening and diagnosis, treatment and models of care) after SCI. The quality of evidence was scored using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). A consensus process was followed to achieve agreement on recommendations and clinical considerations. RESULTS: The Working Group developed 12 recommendations for screening and diagnosis, 12 recommendations for treatment and 5 recommendations for models of care. Important clinical considerations accompany each recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The Working Group recommendations for the management of neuropathic pain after SCI should be used to inform practice."

The CanPain SCI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rehabilitation Management of Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord: introduction, methodology and recommendation overview.

STUDY DESIGN: Clinical practice guidelines. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to develop the first Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of neuropathic pain in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: The guidelines are relevant for inpatient and outpatient SCI rehabilitation settings in Canada. METHODS: The guidelines were developed in accordance with the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II tool. A Steering Committee and Working Group reviewed the relevant evidence on neuropathic pain management (encompassing screening and diagnosis, treatment and models of care) after SCI. The quality of evidence was scored using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). A consensus process was followed to achieve agreement on recommendations and clinical considerations. RESULTS: The Working Group developed 12 recommendations for screening and diagnosis, 12 recommendations for treatment and 5 recommendations for models of care. Important clinical considerations accompany each recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The Working Group recommendations for the management of neuropathic pain after SCI should be used to inform practice.

The CanPain SCI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rehabilitation Management of Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord: Recommendations for treatment.

STUDY DESIGN: Clinical practice guidelines. OBJECTIVES: To develop the first Canadian clinical practice guidelines for treatment of neuropathic pain in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: The guidelines are relevant for inpatient and outpatient SCI rehabilitation settings in Canada. METHODS: The CanPainSCI Working Group reviewed the evidence for different treatment options and achieved consensus. The Working Group then developed clinical considerations for each recommendation. Recommendations for research are also included. RESULTS: Twelve recommendations were developed for the management of neuropathic pain after SCI. The recommendations address both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS: An expert Working Group developed recommendations for the treatment of neuropathic pain after SCI that should be used to inform practice.

The CanPain SCI Clinical Practice Guideline for Rehabilitation Management of Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord: recommendations for model systems of care.

STUDY DESIGN: Clinical practice guidelines. OBJECTIVES: The project objectives were to develop the first Canadian recommendations on a model of care for the management of at- and below-level neuropathic pain in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: The guidelines are relevant for inpatient and outpatient SCI rehabilitation settings in Canada. METHODS: On the basis of a review of the Accreditation Canada standards, the Steering Committee developed questions to guide the CanPainSCI Working Group when developing the recommendations. The Working Group agreed on recommendations through a consensus process. RESULTS: The Working Group developed five recommendations for the organization of neuropathic pain rehabilitation care in people with SCI. CONCLUSIONS: The Working Group recommendations for a model of care for at- and below-level neuropathic pain after SCI should be used to inform clinical practice.

The CanPain SCI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Rehabilitation Management of Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord: screening and diagnosis recommendations.

STUDY DESIGN: Clinical practice guidelines. OBJECTIVES: To develop the first Canadian clinical practice guidelines for screening and diagnosis of neuropathic pain in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: The guidelines are relevant for inpatient and outpatient SCI rehabilitation settings in Canada. METHODS: The CanPainSCI Working Group reviewed evidence to address clinical questions regarding screening and diagnosis of neuropathic pain after SCI. A consensus process was followed to achieve agreement on recommendations and clinical considerations. RESULTS: Twelve recommendations, based on expert consensus, were developed for the screening and diagnosis of neuropathic pain after SCI. The recommendations address methods for assessment, documentation tools, team member accountability, frequency of screening and considerations for diagnostic investigation. Important clinical considerations accompany each recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The expert Working Group developed recommendations for the screening and diagnosis of neuropathic pain after SCI that should be used to inform practice.